✵The article gives records of the herb Lingzhi mushroom other cultivated species, (3).Ganoderma tsugae, its English name, Latin name, property and flavor, with a detailed introduction to the botanical features of these cultivated fungus species, the growth characteristics, and ecological environment of these cultivated fungus species, the features of these cultivated fungus species, its pharmacological actions, medicinal efficacy, and administration guide.
There are about 250 kinds of Fungus of the Ganoderma genus, in China, there are almost 98~100 species of fungus found to belong to the 4 Ganoderma genera, and Ganodermataceae family, they grow and spread from south to north.
Botanical description: Ganoderma tsugae Murr is a fungus of the Ganodermataceae or Polyporaceae family and Ganoderma genus, it is commonly known as Woody Ganoderma, Mu LingZhi, Sōng Zhī, Song Shan LingZhi, or Pine Tree Reishi (Sōng Zhī means Pine Tree Lingzhi Mushroom).
The encarpium (fruiting body) is annual, petiolate, soft suberinite when it is fresh, and turns suberinite when it is dried, and weight obviously turns light. Its pileus (cap) is reniform, semicircle (semicircular) or nearly fan (fan-shaped), 3–25 cm in diameter, thickness is 0.8–3 cm, or up to 4 cm, the surface is russet (reddish-brown) or stained russet (stained reddish brown), has a lacquer-like luster, no annular zone or has an inconspicuous annular zone. The context is white or pale whitish, the part near the fungus tube is often hazel (pale brown). The fungus tube is 0.5–1.5 cm long, fawn colour (flavotestaceous) or darker, the pore surface is whitish at the initial stage, later gradually turns the same color as the fungus tube, tube orifice is slightly rounded, 4–5 fungus tubes per mm. The prosthecae is usually thick and short, in general, 4–5 cm long, 2–3 cm in diameter, atropurpureus (purple black), and has a stronger lustre.
The husk structure is sporiferous layer type, generative hypha (generative hyphae) are colorless and transparent, leptodermous (thin wall), 3–5 μm in diameter; skeletal hyphae are hazel (pale brown), pachypleurous (thick wall) to farctate, arborizations (dendritic branching), the skeletal part is 4–7 μm in dry diameter, flagelliform colorless binding hypha is formed at the end tip of branches; binding hypha is pachypleurous (thick wall), ramificate, 1.5–2 μm in diameter.
The basidiospores are elliptic, sometimes the tip is truncated, double wall, the outer wall is colorless and transparent, smooth, the inner wall is hazel (pale brown), has spinules, 7.5–11 × 6–7 μm.
Ecological Environment: Ganoderma tsugae Murr mainly grows in the area at altitudes of 700~1,400 meters above sea level, in red pine broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous mixed forest of fir, larch, red pine, spruce's cutting root, rotten wood, and larch tree stump, is an extremely rare and precious herb, it is mainly distributed in the cold temperate area of China. This species is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, east northern areas, and other areas.
Characters of herbs: The encarpium (fruiting body) is medium to large, and corky. The diameter of the pileus (cap) is 6.5–21 cm, semicircle (semicircular), is flat, and reniform, the surface is red, dark red, and brown-red, and the husk is bright and lacquer-like, has no ring lines or is inconspicuous, after aging, there are no conspicuous bands and irregular wrinkles, and the edges are ribbed and blunt. The context is wood color, 0.5–1.5 cm thick, the surface of the fungus tube is stained white (dirty white), gradually turns to tawny (cinnamomeous) and light brown, 4–5 tubules per ml (millimeter). The prosthecae (stipe) is 3–6 cm long, and 3–4 cm in diameter, short, and thick, the same color as the pileus (cap), glossy, pleurogenous, or oblique. The endosporium (endospore) is marked with small spines, brown, one end of some fungus is half truncated, and the exospore is colorless and transparent, oval (egg-shaped).
This species has functions to enhance immunity, inhibit tumors, promote liver detoxification, protect the cardiovascular system, soothe the nerves and brain, regulate the digestive system's function, moisten the lungs, and relieve asthma, anti-aging, and beauty effects.
Modern studies have shown that Ganoderma tsugae or Pine Tree Reishi is rich in nutrients, containing essential amino acids, nucleosides, trace elements, vitamins, bioactive polysaccharides, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and is also a good source of essential fibers for maintaining health. Studies have shown that it has effects on hepatitis, arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, neurasthenia, and other diseases, and has a significant effect on the three major lethal human diseases of coronary heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
The polysaccharides are mainly composed of monosaccharide polymers and beta-D-glucan and other components with physiological activity, with effects such as antitumor, enhance immunity, antivirus, scavenging free radicals, anti-aging, anti-thrombosis, and anti-clotting.
The triterpenoids are another active constituent isolated, experiments confirmed that Ganoderma triterpenoids could increase immunity rapidly, manifested in the promotion of lymphocyte proliferation, increased the phagocytic capacity of macrophages, NK cells, and T cells, and directly and indirectly kill tumor cells. Triterpenoids also have other effects on liver detoxification, anti-oxidation, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and herpes virus, inhibition of liver tumor cells, etc., it is the main basic substance of detoxification efficacy.
The alkaloids show effects to improve coronary blood flow, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, enhance myocardial and anti-hypoxia capacity, and lower cholesterol levels, which have a significant effect on coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis, and muscle weakness.
The nucleosides are indispensable and important substances that make up DNA and RNA. They are extremely important materials for biological inheritance and information transmission. The nucleotide composition of adenosine, uridine, adenine, uracil, and other active constituents is the main basic substance of the anti-mutation function.
The amino acids constitute the basic unit of protein, an essential nutrient component of organisms, especially essential amino acids, that cannot be synthesized in the human body from in vitro intake, Ganoderma tsugae or Pine Tree Reishi fruiting body contains 18 kinds of amino acids, including essential amino acids, especially the low levels of methionine in edible fungi, whose average content is much higher than other edible fungi.
Studies have shown that the Ganoderma tsugae fruiting body contains Mn, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Se, Ge, and other trace elements, selenium, germanium, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, and other trace elements have a high content, it is reported that Ganoderma tsugae also contains boron, so Ganoderma tsugae is a treasure house of trace elements. Trace elements and other active substances have synergies, of which organic germanium is an anti-cancer substance, and Ganoderma tsugae polysaccharides' synergy in the inhibition of tumors can significantly increase the antitumor effect of the polysaccharide.
Ganoderma tsugae also contains a lot of vitamins, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and its carotene content is high, with significant anti-oxidation, and anti-aging activity.
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References:
1.Introduction of Ling Zhi:Lucid Ganoderma or Ganoderma Lucidium.
✵The article gives records of the herb Lingzhi mushroom other cultivated species, (3).Ganoderma tsugae, its English name, Latin name, property and flavor, with a detailed introduction to the botanical features of these cultivated fungus species, the growth characteristics, and ecological environment of these cultivated fungus species, the features of these cultivated fungus species, its pharmacological actions, medicinal efficacy, and administration guide.
Botanical description: Ganoderma tsugae Murr is a fungus of the Ganodermataceae or Polyporaceae family and Ganoderma genus, it is commonly known as Woody Ganoderma, Mu LingZhi, Sōng Zhī, Song Shan LingZhi, or Pine Tree Reishi (Sōng Zhī means Pine Tree Lingzhi Mushroom). 
Ecological Environment: Ganoderma tsugae Murr mainly grows in the area at altitudes of 700~1,400 meters above sea level, in red pine broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous mixed forest of fir, larch, red pine, spruce's cutting root, rotten wood, and larch tree stump, is an extremely rare and precious herb, it is mainly distributed in the cold temperate area of China. This species is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, east northern areas, and other areas.
The polysaccharides are mainly composed of monosaccharide polymers and beta-D-glucan and other components with physiological activity, with effects such as antitumor, enhance immunity, antivirus, scavenging free radicals, anti-aging, anti-thrombosis, and anti-clotting.
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