✵The basic terms of points of liver meridian are introduced:points of liver meridian(LR), dadun(LR1), xingjian(LR2), taichong(LR3),zhongfeng(LR4), ligou(LR5), zhongdu(LR6), xiguan(LR7),ququan(LR8),yinbao(LR9), zuwuli(LR10), yinlian(LR11),jimai(LR12), zhangmen(LR13), qimen(LR14).With an introduction of the meridian points of gallbladder meridian.
✵points of liver meridian(LR): acupuncture-moxibustion points distributed on the liver meridian(LR).
✵dadun(LR1): point on the lateral side of the distal segment of the great toe,0.1 cun proximal to the corner of the nail.Dadun locates on the great toe, lateral to the distal phalanx, 0.1 F-cun proximal to the lateral corner of the toenail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the lateral side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the toenail.
✵xingjian(LR2): point on the instep of the foot, between th 1st and 2nd toes, at the junction of the red and white skin proximal to the margin of the web.Xingjian locates on the dorsum of the foot, between the first and second toes, proximal to the web margin, at the border between the red and white flesh.
✵taichong(LR3): point on the instep of the foot, in the depression of the posterior end of the 1st interosseous metatarsal space.Taichong locates on the dorsum of the foot,between the first and second metatarsal bones, in the depression distal to the junction of the bases of the two bones, over the dorsalis pedis artery.
✵zhongfeng(LR4): point on the instep of the foot, anterior to the medial malleolus, on the line connecting shangqiu(SP5) and jiexi(ST41),in the depression medial to the tendon of the anterior tibial muscle.Zhongfeng locates on the anteromedial aspect of the ankle, in the depression medial to the tibialis anterior tendon, anterior to the medial malleolus.
✵ligou(LR5): point on the medial side of the leg, 5 cun above the tip of the medial malleolus, on the midline of the medial surface of the tibia.Ligou locates on the anteromedial aspect of the leg, at the centre of the medial border(surface) of the tibia, 5 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the medial malleolus.
✵zhongdu(LR6): point on the medial side of the leg, 7 cun above the tip of the medial malleolus, on the middle of the medial surface of the tibia.Zhongdu locates on the anteromedial aspect of the leg,at the centre of the medial border(surface) of the tibia, 7 B-cun superior to the prominence of the medial malleolus.
✵xiguan(LR7): point on the medial side of the leg, posterior and inferior to the medial epicondyle of the tibia, 1 cun posterior to yinlingquan(SP9), at the upper end of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle.Xiguan locates on the tibial aspect of the leg, inferior to the medial condyle of the tibia, 1 B-cun posterior to SP9.
✵ququan(LR8): point on the medial side of the knee, at the medial end of the popliteal crease when the knee is flexed,posterior to the medial epicondyle of the tibia, in the depression of the anterior border of the insertion of the semimemebranous and semitendinous muscles.Ququan locates on the medial aspect of the knee, in the depression medial to the tendons of the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus muscles, at the medial end of the popliteal crease.
✵yinbao(LR9): point on the medial side of the thigh, 4 cun above the medial epicondyle of the femur, between the medial vastus muscle and sartorius muscle.Yinbao locates on the medial aspect of the thigh, between the gracilis and the sartorius muscles, 4 B-cun proximal to the base of the patella.
✵zuwuli(LR10): point on the medial side of the thigh, 3 cun directly below qichong(ST30),at the proximal end of the thigh,below the pubic tubercle and on the lateral border of the long abductor muscle of the thigh.Zuwuli locates on the medial aspect of the thigh, 3 B-cun distal to ST30, over the artery.
✵yinlian(LR11): point on the medial side of the thigh, 2 cun directly below qichong(ST30),at the proximal end of the thigh, below the pubic tubercle and on the lateral border of the long abductor muscle of the thigh.Yinlian locates on the medial aspect of the thigh, 2 B-cun distal to ST30.
✵jimai(LR12): point lateral to the pubic tubercle, lateral and inferior to qichong(ST30),in the inguinal groove where the pulsation of the femoral artery is palpable,2.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Jimai locates in the groin region, at the same level as the superior border of the pubic symphysis, and 2.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.,
✵zhangmen(LR13): point on the lateral side of the abdomen, below the free end of the 11th rib.Zhangmen locates on the lateral abdomen, inferior to the free extremity of the 11th rib.
✵qimen(LR14): point on the chest, directly below the nipple, in the 6th intercostal space,4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Qimen locates in the anterior thoracic region, in the sixth intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
✵points of gallbladder meridian(GB): acupuncture-moxibustion points distributed on the gallbladder meridian(BL).
✵tongziliao(GB1): point on the face, lateral to the outer canthus, on the lateral border of the orbit.Tongziliao locates on the head, in the depression, 0.5 B-cun lateral to the outer canthus of the eye.
✵tinghui(GB2): point on the face, anterior to the intertragic notch, in the depression posterior to the condyloid process of the mandible when the mouth is open.Tinghui locates on the face, in the depression between the inrtertragic notch and the condylar process of the mandible.
✵shangguan(GB3): point anterior to the ear,directly above xiaguan(ST7),in the depression above the upper border of the zygomatic arch.Shangguan locates on the head, in the depression superior to the midpoint of the zygomatic arch.
✵hanyan(GB4): point on the head, in the hair above the temples, at the junction of the upper fourth and lower three fourths of the curved line connecting touwei(ST8) and qubin(GB7).Hanyan locates on the head, at the junction of the upper one fourth and lower three fourths of the curved line from ST8 to GB7.
✵xuanlu(GB5): point on the head, in the hair above the temple, at the midpoint of the curved line connecting touwei(ST8) and qubin(GB7).Xuanlu locates on the head, at the midpoint of the curved line from ST8 to GB7.
✵xuanli(GB6): point on the head, in the hair above the temples, at the junction of the upper three fourths and lower fourth of the curved line connecting touwei(ST8) and qubin(GB7).Xuanli locates on the head, at the junction of the upper three fourths and lower one fourth of the curved line from ST8 to GB7.
✵qubin(GB7): point on the head, at a crossing point of the vertical posterior border of the temples and horizontal line through the ear apex.Qubin locates on the head, at the junction of the vertical line of the posterior border of the temple hairline and the horizontal line of the apex of the auricle.
✵shuaigu(GB8): point on the head, directly above the ear apex,1.5 cun above the hairline, directly above jiaosun(TE20).Shuaigu locates on the head, directly superior to the auricular apex, 1.5 B-cun superior to the temporal hairline.
✵tianchong(GB9): point on the head, directly above the posterior border of the ear root, 2 cun above the hairline and 0.5 cun posterior to shuaigu(GB8).Tianchong locates on the head, directly superior to the posterior border of the auricular root, 2 B-cun superior to the hairline.
✵fubai(GB10): point on the head,posterior and superior to the mastoid process, at the junction of the middle third and upper third of the curved line connecting tianchong(GB9) and wangu(GB12).Fubai locates on the head, posterosuperior to the mastoid process, at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the curved line from GB9 to GB12.
✵touqiaoyin(GB11): point on the head, posterior and superior to the mastoid process, at the junction of the middle third and lower third of the curved line connecting tianchong(GB9) and wangu(GB12).Touqiaoyin locates on the head, posterior and superior to the mastoid process, at the junction of the upper two thirds and lower one third of the curved line from GB9 to GB12.
✵wangu(GB12): point on the head, in the depression posterior and inferior to the mastoid process.Wangu locates in the anterior region of the neck, in the depression posteroinferior to the mastoid process.
✵benshen(GB13): point on the head, 0.5 cun above the anterior hairline, 3 cun lateral to shenting(GV24), at the junction of the medial two thirds and lateral third of the line connecting shenting(GV24) and touwei(ST8).Benshen locates on the head, 0.5 B-cun superior to the anterior hairline, 3 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
✵yangbai(GB14): point on the forehead, directly above the pupil, 1 cun above the eyebrow.Yangbai locates on the head, 1 B-cun superior to the eyebrow, directly superior to the centre of the pupil.
✵toulinqi(GB15): point on the head, directly above the pupil and 0.5 cun above the anterior hairline, at the midpoint of the line connecting shenting(GV24) and touwei(ST8).Toulingqi locates on the head, 0.5 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil.
✵muchuang(GB16): point on the head, 1.5 cun above the anterior hairline and 2.25 cun lateral to the midline of the head.Muchuang locates on the head, 1.5 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil.
✵zhengying(GB17): point on the head, 2.5 cun above the anterior hairline and 2.25 cun lateral to the midline of the head.Zhengying locates on the head, 2.5 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil.
✵chengling(GB18): point on the head, 4 cun above the anterior hairline and 2.25 cun lateral to the midline of the head.Chengling locates on the head, 4 B-cun within the anterior hairline, directly superior to the centre of the pupil.
✵naokong(GB19): point on the head and on the level of the upper border of the external occipital protuberance or naohu(GV17),2.25 cun lateral to the midline of the head.Naokong locates on the head, at the same level as the superior border of the external occipital protuberance, directly superior to GB20.
✵fengchi(GB20): point on the nape, below the occipital bone, on the level of fengfu(GV16), in the depression between the upper ends of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.Fengchi locates in the anterior region of the neck, inferior to the occipital bone, in the depression between the origins of sternocleidomstoid and the trapezius muscles.
✵jianjing(GB21): point on the shoulder, directly above the nipple, at the midpoint of the line connecting dazhui(GV14) and the acromion.Jianjing locates in the posterior region of the neck, at the midpoint of the line connecting the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra(C7) with the lateral end of the acromion.
✵yuanye(GB22): point on the lateral side of the chest, on the midaxillary line when the arm is raised, 3 cun below the axilla, in the 4th intercostal space.Yuanye locates in the lateral thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, on the midaxillary line.
✵zhejin(GB23): point on the lateral side of the chest, 1 cun anterior to yuanye(GB22),on the level of the nipple, and in the 4th intercostal space.Zhejin locates in the lateral thoracic region, in the fourth intercostal space, 1 B-cun anterior to the midaxillary line.
✵riyue(GB24): point on the upper abdomen, directly below the nipple, in the 7th intercostal space, 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.Riyue locates in the anterior thoracic region, in the seventh intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior median line.
✵jingmen(GB25): point on the lateral side of the waist, 1.8 cun posterior to zhangmen(LR13), below the free end of the 12th rib.Jingmen locates on the lateral abdomen, inferior to the free extremity of the 12th rib.
✵daimai(GB26): point on the lateral side of the abdomen, 1.8 cun below zhangmen(LR13), at the crossing point of a vertical line through the free end of the 11th rib and a horizontal line through the umbilicus.Daimai locates on the lateral abdomen, inferior to the free extremity of the 11th rib, at the same level as the centre of umbilicus.
✵wushu(GB27): point on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior to the anteriosuperior iliac spine, 3 cun below the level of the umbilicus.Wushu locates on the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun inferior to the centre of umbilicus, medial to the anterior superior iliac line.
✵weidao(GB28): point on the lateral side of the abdomen, anterior and inferior to the anteriosuperior iliac spine, 0.5 cun anterior and inferior to wushu(GB27).Weidao locates on the lower abdomen, 0.5 B-cun medioinferior to the anterior superior iliac spine.
✵juliao(GB29): point on the hip, at the midpoint of the line connecting the anteriosuperior iliac spine and the prominence of the great trochanter.Juliao locates in the buttocks region, midpoint of the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine and the prominence of the greater trochanter.
✵huantiao(GB30): point on the lateral side of the thigh, at the junction of the middle third and lateral third of the line connecting the prominence of the great trochanter and the sacral hiatus when the patient is in a lateral recumbent position with the thigh flexed.Huantiao locates in the buttocks region, at the junction of the lateral one third and medial two thirds of the line connecting the prominence of the greater trochanter with the sacral hiatus.
✵fengshi(GB31): point on the lateral midline of the thigh, 7 cun above the popliteal crease, or at the place touching the tip of the middle finger when the patient stands erect with the arms hanging down freely.Fengshi locates on the lateral aspect of the thigh, in the depression posterior to the iliotibial band where the tip of the middle finger rests, when standing up with the arms hanging alongside the thigh.
✵zhongdu(GB32): point on the lateral side of the thigh, 2 cun below fengshi(GB31), or 5 cun above the popliteal crease, between the lateral vastus muscle and biceps muscle of the thigh.Zhongdu locates on the lateral aspect of the thigh, posterior to the iliotibial band, 7 B-cun superior to the popliteal crease.
✵xiyangguan(GB33): point on the lateral side of the knee, 3 cun above yanglingquan(GB34), in the depression above the external epicondyle of the femur.Xiyangguan locates on the lateral aspect of the knee, in the depression between the biceps femoris tendon and the iliotibial band,posterior and proximal to the lateral epicondyle of the femur.
✵yanglingquan(GB34): point on the lateral side of the leg, in the depression anterior and inferior to the head of the fibula.Yanglingquan locates on the fibular aspect of the leg, in the depression anterior and distal to the head of the fibula.
✵yangjiao(GB35): point on the lateral side of the leg,7 cun above the tip of the external malleolus, on the posterior border of the fibula.Yangjiao locates on the fibular aspect of the leg, posterior to the fibula, 7 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
✵waiqiu(GB36): point on the lateral side of the leg,7 cun above the tip of the external malleolus, on the anterior border of the fibula and on the level of yangjiao(GB35).Waiqiu locates on the fibular aspect of the leg,anterior to the fibula, 7 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
✵guangming(GB37): point on the lateral side of the leg, 5 cun above the tip of the external malleolus, on the anterior border of the fibula.Guangming locates on the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 5 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
✵yangfu(GB38): point on the lateral side of the leg, 4 cun above the tip of the external malleolus, slightly anterior to the anterior border of the fibula.Yangfu locates on the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 4 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
✵xuanzhong(GB39): point on the lateral side of the leg, 3 cun above the tip of the external malleolus, on the anterior border of the fibula.Xuanzhong locates on the fibular aspect of the leg, anterior to the fibula, 3 B-cun proximal to the prominence of the lateral malleolus.
✵qiuxu(GB40): point anterior and inferior to the external malleolus, in the depression lateral to the tendon of the long extensor muscle of the toes.Qiuxu locates on the anterolateral aspect of the ankle, in the depression lateral to the extensor digitorum longus tendon, anterior and distal to the lateral malleolus.
✵zulinqi(GB41): point on the lateral side of the instep of the foot, posterior to the 4th metatarsophalangeal joint, in the depression lateral to the tendon of the extensor muscle of the little toe.Zulingqi locates on the dorsum of the foot, distal to the junction of the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, in the depression lateral to the fifth extensor digitorum longus tendon.
✵diwuhui(GB42): point on the lateral side of the instep of the foot, posterior to the 4th metatarsophalangeal joint, between the 4th and 5th matatarsal bones, medial to the tendon of the extensor muscle of the little toe.Diwuhui locates on the dorsum of the foot, between the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones, in the depression proximal to the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.
✵xiaxi(GB43): point on the lateral side of the instep of the foot, between the 4th and 5th toes, at the junction of the red and white skin, proximal to the margin of the web.Xiaxi locates on the dorsum of the foot, between the fourth and fifth toes, proximal to the web margin, at the border between the red and white flesh.
✵zuqiaoyin(GB44): point on the lateral side of the distal segment of the 4th toe, 0.1 cun from the corner of the toenail.Zuqiaoyin locates on the fourth toe, lateral to the distal phalanx, 0.1 F-cun proximal to the lateral corner of the toenail, at the intersection of the vertical line of the lateral side of the nail and the horizontal line of the base of the fourth toenail.